The role of media, life experience, knowledge and government support in creating Generation Z's pro-environmental behavior in Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
As the world’s fourth most populated country, Indonesia will need to use its resources sustainably. Generation Z as the future consumer has a key role to actively engage in pro-environmental behavior to prevent further environmental degradation. This study assessed the role of the media, life experiences, knowledge and government support in the adoption of pro-environmental behavior among generation Z using the Norm Activation Model. Data were collected using an online questionnaire to 590 university students in the greater area of Indonesia capital city, Jakarta. Data were analyzed using descriptive method and PLS-SEM. This study demonstrated the ability of the Norm Activation Model to predict the relationship between the media, life experiences, knowledge and government support to pro-environmental behavior and concluded that knowledge is the key influential factor of personal norms to engage in pro-environmental behavior, followed by the media and significant life experiences, while government has a negative influence. The implications are discussed.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Akitsu, Y., & Ishihara, K. N. (2018). An Integrated Model Approach: Exploring the Energy Literacy and Values of Lower Secondary Students in Japan. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 4(3), 161–186. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.4.3.161
Ando, K., Ohnuma, S., & Li, D. H. (2020). Comparing the effect of personal communication and mass media on energy saving behaviors: cross -cultural study in Japan, China and Germany. Journal of Environmental Information Science, 2, 19–30.
Arndt, J. (1967). Role of Product-Related Conversations in the Diffusion of a New Product. Journal of Marketing Research, 4(3), 291–295.
Arnold, H., Cohen, F., & Warner, A. (2009). Youth and environmental action: Perspectives of young environmental leaders on their formative influences. Journal of Environmental Education, 40(3), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.40.3.27-36
Brereton, P., & Gomez, V. (2020). Media students, climate change, and youtube celebrities: Readings of dear future generations: Sorry video clip. ISLE Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 27(2), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/isaa021
Broadbent, E., Gougoulis, J., Lui, N., Pota, V., & Simons, J. (2017). 2017 Generation-Z-Stat-Graphics.Pdf.
Carmi, N., Arnon, S., & Orion, N. (2015). Transforming Environmental Knowledge Into Behavior: The Mediating Role of Environmental Emotions. The Journal of Environmental Education, 46(3), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2015.1028517
Christensen, A., Needham, M. D., & Rowe, S. (2008). Whale watchers’ past experience, value orientations, and awareness of consequences of actions on the marine environment. Tourism in Marine Environments, 5(4), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427308788714786
Databooks. (2019). Jumlah penduduk indonesia 2019 mencapai 267 juta jiwa.
De Groot, J., & Steg, L. (2009). Morality and prosocial behavior: The role of awareness, responsibility, and norms in the norm activation model. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 425–449. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.4.425-449
Ellen, P. S., Wiener, J. L., & Cobb-Walgren, C. (1991). The Role of Perceived Consumer Effectiveness in Motivating Environmentally Conscious Behaviors. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 10(2), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/074391569101000206
Enzler, H. B., Diekmann, A., & Liebe, U. (2019). Do environmental concern and future orientation predict metered household electricity use? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 62(April 2018), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.02.004
EPI. (2020). Environmental Performance Index. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315226675-5
Fang, W. T., Chiang, Y. Te, Ng, E., & Lo, J. C. (2019). Using the norm activation model to predict the pro-environmental behaviors of public servants at the central and local governments in Taiwan. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133712
Finger, M. (1994). From knowledge to action ? exploring the relationship between environmental experiences, learning and behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 50(3), 141–160.
Geiger, S., Dombois, C., & Funke, J. (2018). The Role of Environmental Knowledge and Attitude: Predictors for Ecological Behavior Across Cultures? Umweltpsychologie, 22(1), 69–87.
Goh, S. K., & Balaji, M. S. (2016). Linking green skepticism to green purchase behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131, 629–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.122
GRANKVIST, G., & Biel, A. (2001). The importance of beliefs and purchase criteria in the choice of eco-labeled food products. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(4), 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0234
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, US: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2015.1005806
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, S. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed). Pearson.
Hansla, A., Gamble, A., Juliusson, A., & Gärling, T. (2008). The relationships between awareness of consequences, environmental concern, and value orientations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.08.004
Harland, P., Staats, H., & Wilke, H. A. M. (2007). Situational and personality factors as direct or personal norm mediated predictors of pro-environmental behavior: Questions derived from norm-activation theory. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530701665058
Hessam, Z. H., & Yousefi, P. (2013). Investigation of major factors influencing green purchasing behavior: Interactive approach. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2(4), 584–596.
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1987.9943482
Howell, R. A., & Allen, S. (2016). Significant life experiences, motivations and values of climate change educators. Environmental Education Research, 25(6), 813–831. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1158242
Huang, H. (2016). Media use, environmental beliefs, self-efficacy, and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Business Research, 69(6), 2206–2212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.031
Jackson, L. A., Ervin, K. S., Gardner, P. D., & Schmitt, N. (2001). Gender and the internet: women communicating and men searching. Sex Roles, 44, 363–379.
Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., & Law, K. L. (2015). Entradas de residuos plásticos desde la tierra al océano. Ciencia, 347(6223), 768–771.
Jharotia, A. K. (2018). Role of media in enhancement of environmental awareness. Conference: Power of Media: Shaping the Future, At Tecnia Auditorium, New Delhi.
Kaiser, F. G., & Fuhrer, U. (2003). Ecological Behavior’s Dependency on Different Forms of Knowledge. Applied Psychology, 52(4), 598–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00153
Kesari, B., Atulkar, S., & Pandey, S. (2018). Consumer Purchasing Behaviour towards Eco-Environment Residential Photovoltaic Solar Lighting Systems. Global Business Review, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150918795550
Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour-A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014
Lebreton, L. C. M., Van Der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J. W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., & Reisser, J. (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications, 8, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
Lee, K. (2011). The role of media exposure, social exposure and biospheric value orientation in the environmental attitude-intention-behavior model in adolescents. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.08.004
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2015). The Effects of Recreation Experience, Environmental Attitude, and Biospheric Value on the Environmentally Responsible Behavior of Nature-Based Tourists. Environmental Management, 56(1), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0488-y
Levy, A., Orion, N., & Leshem, Y. (2016). Variables that influence the environmental behavior of adults. Environmental Education Research, 24(3), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1271865
Li, D., & Chen, J. (2015). Significant life experiences on the formation of environmental action among Chinese college students. Environmental Education Research, 21(4), 612–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2014.927830
Lin, S. C., Nadlifatin, R., Amna, A. R., Persada, S. F., & Razif, M. (2017). Investigating citizen behavior intention on mandatory and voluntary pro-environmental programs through a pro-environmental planned behavior model. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071289
Liu, D., Du, H., Southworth, F., & Ma, S. (2017). The influence of social-psychological factors on the intention to choose low-carbon travel modes in Tianjin, China. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 105(August), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.08.004
Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C., & Ye, Y. (2017). Integrating norm activation model and theory of planned behavior to understand sustainable transport behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121593
Mafuzah, M., & Majid, N. F. N. A. (2018). Measuring consumer behavior influence on green purchase behavior using PLS. IEBMC 2017 8th International Economics and Business Management Conference. (2019 Okt 4). The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences.
Masdar. (2016). London Array Offshore Wind Farm. Lorc.Dk Web Page, January.
Merdeka. (2019). Kabut asap, Malaysia berencana pakai drone untuk bikin hujan buatan. Merdeka.Com.
Mufidah, I., Jiang, B. C., Lin, S. C., Chin, J., Rachmaniati, Y. P., & Persada, S. F. (2018). Understanding the consumers’ behavior intention in using green ecolabel product through Pro-Environmental Planned Behavior model in developing and developed regions: Lessons learned from Taiwan and Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051423
Muhardiansyah, Y. (2019). Sumut siapkan layanan kesehatan bagi warga riau yang mengungsi karena asap. Merdeka.Com.
Muralidharan, S., Rejón-Guardia, F., & Xue, F. (2015). Understanding the green buying behavior of younger Millennials from India and the United States: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 28(1), 54–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2015.1056328
Octav-Ionut, M. (2015). Applying the theory of planned behavior in predicting pro- environmental behaviour: the case of energy conservation. Acta Universitatis Danubius. OEconomica, 11(4), 15–32.
OECD. (2008). Promoting sustainable consumption – good practices in OECD countries. https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2003.10391059
Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005
Östman, J. (2014). The influence of media use on environmental engagement: A political socialization approach. Environmental Communication, 8(1), 92–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2013.846271
Patchen, M. (2010). What shapes public reactions to climate change? overview of research and policy implications. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 10(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01201.x
PDDikti. (2018). Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi 2018. Jakarta, ID: Pusdatik Iptek Dikti. Kemenristek Dikti. Pusdatin Kemenristekdikti.
Persada, S. F., Lin, S. C., Nadlifatin, R., & Razif, M. (2015). Investigating the citizens’ intention level in environmental impact assessment participation through an extended theory of planned behavior model. Global Nest Journal, 17(4), 847–857. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001703
Peschel, A. O., Grebitus, C., Steiner, B., & Veeman, M. (2016). How does consumer knowledge affect environmentally sustainable choices? Evidence from a cross-country latent class analysis of food labels. Appetite, 106, 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.162
Poushter, J., & Huang, C. (2019). Climate change still seen ad the top global threat, but cyberattacks a rising concern.
Rahsilaputeri, M. (2021). Model Pembentukan dan Peningkatan Kapasitas Generasi Z sebagai Agen Perubahan Pencegahan Kerusakan Lingkungan di Indonesia.
Redman, E., & Redman, A. (2013). Transforming sustainable food and waste behaviors by realigning domains of knowledge in our education system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 64, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.016
Rosenthal, S. (2022). Information sources, perceived personal experience, and climate change beliefs. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 81(March), 101796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101796
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10(C), 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60358-5
Shen, X., Chen, B., Leibrecht, M., & Du, H. (2022). The Moderating Effect of Perceived Policy Effectiveness in Residents’ Waste Classification Intentions: A Study of Bengbu, China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020801
Shmueli, G., Ray, S., Velasquez Estrada, J. M., & Chatla, S. B. (2016). The elephant in the room: Predictive performance of PLS models. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4552–4564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.049
Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322–2347. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-02-2019-0189
Shove, E. (2010). Beyond the ABC: Climate change policy and theories of social change. Environment and Planning A, 42(6), 1273–1285. https://doi.org/10.1068/a42282
SmartPLS. (2020). PLS Predict.
Smith, W. G. (2008). Does gender influence online survey participation? A record-linkage analysis of university faculty online survey response behavior. Eric Ed501717, 1–21.
Sohlberg, J. (2017). The effect of elite polarization: A comparative perspective on how party elites influence attitudes and behavior on climate change in the European union. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010039
Steg, L., & Nordlund, A. (2012). Models to Explain Environmental Behaviour. Environmental Psychology, 217–227.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Black, J. S. (1985). Support for environmental protection: The role of moral norms. Population and Environment, 8(3–4), 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01263074
Stokes, B., Wike, R., & Carle, J. (2015). Global concern about climate change, broad support for limiting emissions.
Straughan, R. D., & Roberts, J. A. (1999). Environmental segmentation alternatives: A look at green consumer behavior in the new millennium. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(6), 558–575. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363769910297506
Stren, P. C. (2000). The custody of the de Clare Castles in Glamorgan and Gwent, 1262-1263. Studia Celtica, 56(3), 407–424.
Sudjoko, S. (2014). Perkembangan dan konsep dasar pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup. Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup, 1–41.
Sumarwan, U. (2020). Green marketing responses to green consumer : green product innovations for sustainable consumption and production. 2020.
Tang, C. S., & Zhou, S. (2012). Research advances in environmentally and socially sustainable operations. European Journal of Operational Research, 223(3), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.07.030
Tanner, T. (1980). Significant life experiences: a new research area in enviromental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 11(4), 20–24.
Tanner, T. (1998). On the origins of sle research, questions, outstanding, and other research traditions. Environmental Education Research, 4(4), 419–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350462980040405
Trivedi, R. H., Patel, J. D., & Acharya, N. (2018). Causality analysis of media influence on environmental attitude, intention and behaviors leading to green purchasing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.024
Turaga, R. M. R., Howarth, R. B., & Borsuk, M. E. (2010). Pro-environmental behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1185(1), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05163.x
UNEP. (2015). Sustainable Consumption and Production. A Handbook for Policymakers. Global edition.
Van Der Werff, E., & Steg, L. (2015). One model to predict them all: Predicting energy behaviours with the norm activation model. Energy Research and Social Science, 6, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.11.002
Velnampy, T., & Achchuthan, S. (2016). Green consumerism in Sri Lankan Perspective: An Application and Extension of Theory of Planned Behavior. Advances in Management & Applied Economics, 6(5), 39–66.
Vicente-Molina, M. A., Fernández-Sáinz, A., & Izagirre-Olaizola, J. (2013). Environmental knowledge and other variables affecting pro-environmental behaviour: Comparison of university students from emerging and advanced countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.015
Wan, C., Shen, G. Q., & Yu, A. (2014). The moderating effect of perceived policy effectiveness on recycling intention. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 37, 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.11.006
Wang, B., Wang, X., Guo, D., Zhang, B., & Wang, Z. (2018). Analysis of factors influencing residents’ habitual energy-saving behaviour based on NAM and TPB models: Egoism or altruism? Energy Policy, 116(September 2017), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.01.055
Wardojo, N. A. (2020). Sustainable consumption and production [presentation]. Id, 2020.
Wen, N., Chao, N., & Wang, C. (2020). Predicting the Intention of Sustainable Commuting among Chinese Commuters: The Role of Media and Morality. Environmental Communication, 15(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2020.1855222
Wright, K. B. (2017). Researching internet-based populations: advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3).
Yamoah, F. A., Kaba, J. S., Botchie, D., & Amankwah-Amoah, J. (2021). Working towards sustainable innovation for green waste benefits: The role of awareness of consequences in the adoption of shaded cocoa agroforestry in ghana. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031453
Yin, J. (1999). Elite Opinion and Media Diffusion. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 4(3), 62–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180x99004003006
YPulse. (2022). The Majority of Gen Z & Millennials Are Nano-Creators–& They’re Eager to Work With Brands.
Yulika, N. C. (2019). Data airvisual: kualitas udara di DKI Jakarta terburuk ke-3 di dunia pagi ini. Liputan 6.
Yusuf, E., Dirgantara, E., Anwar, S., & Ritha, A. (2020). Consumer knowledge, percepeption, and attitude towards green marketing and green products : an exploratory study. Green Consumer and Marketing (1st ed. pp. 123-141). 2020.
Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhou, G. (2013). Antecedents of employee electricity saving behavior in organizations: An empirical study based on norm activation model. Energy Policy, 62, 1120–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.036
Zuo, J., Rameezdeen, R., Hagger, M., Zhou, Z., & Ding, Z. (2017). Dust pollution control on construction sites: Awareness and self-responsibility of managers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.027