The potential of biodiesel in mitigating the energy crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa energy sectors
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Published:
Aug 31, 2021
Keywords:
Biofuels, Sustainable Energy, Fossil Fuel, Climate
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Abstract
As a result of the damaging effects they have on the climate, recent campaigns against fossil fuels, constantly emphasize the need to completely eliminate their use. To this effect, is a pressing need to source for other sources of energy that have the ability to decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. These alternatives have to be easily accessible and should contribute to the industrial expansion of developing regions, especially Sub-saharan Africa. Poor access to electricity is a major challenge that contributes to the retarded state of development of some countries in Sub-saharan Africa, and renewable energy alternatives, such as biofuels, can perfectly solve this oddity. Biofuels possess unique attributes that can help the world attain a state of energy security and energy balance. The depletion of fossil fuels and other factors like technological advancement and current industrial expansion occurring in most countries in Sub-saharan Africa poses a threat to the availability of energy in the region and it is a major setback to the achievement of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 7. Narrowing down to the use of biodiesels, implementing their use can save the continent from a lot of damage and build up a more sustainable energy sector. Massive deployment of Biodiesels into the energy sector of Sub-saharan Africa will not only ease the difficulty in accessing energy, it will also boost the agricultural sector and economy of the countries that constitute the region. This paper reviews the current state of biodiesel in the African sub-saharan region.
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Adekanbi, M. L., Ibukun, B. T., & Steve, E. (2021). The potential of biodiesel in mitigating the energy crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa energy sectors. Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 5(2), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v5i2.144
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References
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Kallarakkal, K. P., Muthukumar, K., Alagarsamy, A., Pugazhendhi, A., & Naina Mohamed, S. (2021). Enhancement of biobutanol production using mixotrophic culture of Oscillatoria sp. in cheese whey water. Fuel, 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119008
Kehinde, O., Babaremu, K. O., Akpanyung, K. V., Remilekun, E., Oyedele, S. T., & Oluwafemi, J. (2018). Renewable energy in Nigeria - A review. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(10).
Knothe, G., & Gerpen, J. Van. (2005). The Biodiesel Handbook Editors.
Lv, L., Dai, L., Du, W., & Liu, D. (2021). Progress in Enzymatic Biodiesel Production and Progress.
Mensah, J. H. R., Silva, A. T. Y. L., Santos, I. F. S. dos, Ribeiro, N. de S., Gbedjinou, M. J., Nago, V. G., … Barros, R. M. (2021). Assessment of electricity generation from biogas in Benin from energy and economic viability perspectives. Renewable Energy, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.014
Nagarajan, S., Chou, S. K., Cao, S., Wu, C., & Zhou, Z. (2013). An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel. Bioresource Technology, 145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.108
Nouadjep, N. S., Kana, E. B. G., Nso, E., & Kapseu, C. (2019). Status quo of Biodiesel Production in Africa: A Review on Technological Options, Policies and Aboriginal Feedstock Potential. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 60(1), 93–132. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/5255/1977
Ojo, A. A., Awogbemi, O., & Ojo, A. O. (2020). An overview of the exploitation of renewable energy resources in Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 10(2).
Okedu, K. E., Uhunmwangho, R., & Odje, M. (2020). Harnessing the potential of small hydro power in Cross River state of Southern Nigeria. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2019.100617
Olugasa, T. T., Odesola, I. F., & Oyewola, M. O. (2014). Energy production from biogas: A conceptual review for use in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.013
Orangun, A., Kaur, H., & Kommalapati, R. R. (2021). Batch anaerobic co-digestion and biochemical methane potential analysis of goat manure and food waste. Energies, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071952
Oyedepo, S. O., Uwoghiren, T., Babalola, P. O., Nwanya, S. C., Kilanko, O., Leramo, R. O., … Abidakun, O. A. (2019). Assessment of Decentralized Electricity Production from Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Energy Development in Nigeria. Open Engineering, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0009
Patel, N. K., Nagar, P. S., & Shah, S. N. (2013). Identification of Non-edible Seeds as Potential Feedstock for the Production and Application of Bio-diesel. Energy and Power, 3(4).
Patrick, S. O., & Bello, I. (2015). Biodiesel Production in Nigeria : Prospects and Challenges Biodisel Development in Nigeria : Prospects and Challenges. (March 2013). https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijmb.20130301.02
Popoola, L., Larwanou, M., & Jimoh, S. O. (2015). Biofuel initiatives in West Africa and the Sahel: potential for success. International Forestry Review, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.1505/146554815816007081
Raja, I. A., & Wazir, S. (2017). Biogas Production: The Fundamental Processes. Universal Journal of Engineering Science, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.13189/ujes.2017.050202
Rao, G. L. N., Ramadhas, A. S., Nallusamy, N., & P.Sakthivel. (2010). Relationships among the Physical Properties of Biodiesel and Engine Fuel System Design Requiremen. International Journal of Energy and Enviroment, 1(5), 919–926. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44848825_Relationships_among_the_physical_properties_of_biodiesel_and_engine_fuel_system_design_requirement
Relationships among the physical properties of biodiesel and engine fuel system design requirement. (2010). International Journal of Energy and Environment, 1(5).
Samuel Dahunsi, O., Shoyombo, A., & Fagbiele, O. (2019). Biofuel Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Anaerobic Digestion. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80564
Sekoai, P. T., & Yoro, K. O. (2016). Biofuel development initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities and challenges. Climate, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4020033
Szulczyk, K. R., & Cheema, M. A. (2021). The economic feasibility and environmental ramifications of biobutanol production in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124953
Thaba, S. C., Mbohwa, C., & Pradhan, A. (2015). Biofuel sector as a potential business opportunity for emerging cooperatives: A case study of south african cooperatives. Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science, 2220.
Yusuff, Adeyinka S., Lala, M. A., Popoola, L. T., & Adesina, O. A. (2019). Optimization of oil extraction from Leucaena leucocephala seed as an alternative low-grade feedstock for biodiesel production. SN Applied Sciences, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0364-0
Yusuff, Adeyinka Sikiru, & Ewere, D. (2020). Extraction and evaluation of oil from green algae cladophora glomerata by hexane/ether mixture. Acta Polytechnica, 60(2). https://doi.org/10.14311/AP.2020.60.0169
Zulqarnain, Ayoub, M., Yusoff, M. H. M., Nazir, M. H., Zahid, I., Ameen, M., … Budi Nursanto, E. (2021). A comprehensive review on oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020788
Abraham, E. M., & Nkitnam, E. E. (2017). Review of Geothermal Energy Research in Nigeria: The Geoscience Front. International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.35840/2631-5033/1815
Adewuyi, A. (2020). Challenges and prospects of renewable energy in Nigeria: A case of bioethanol and biodiesel production. Energy Reports, Vol. 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.12.002
Agrawal, R. (2019). Chemical engineering for a solar economy (2017 P. V. Danckwerts Lecture). Chemical Engineering Science, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2019.115215
Amenaghawon, A. N., Evbarunegbe, N. I., & Obahiagbon, K. (2021). Optimum biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil using functionalized cow horn catalyst: A comparative evaluation of some expert systems. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100184
Azad, K. (2019). Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment. In Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-04211-8
Babajide, O., Petrik, L., & Ameer, F. (2015). Technologies for Biodiesel Production in Sub-Saharan African Countries. In Biofuels - Status and Perspective. https://doi.org/10.5772/59859
Cai, J., He, P., Wang, Y., Shao, L., & Lü, F. (2016). Effects and optimization of the use of biochar in anaerobic digestion of food wastes. Waste Management and Research, 34(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16634196
Chauhan, S. K., & Shukla, A. (2011). Environmental Impacts of Production of Biodiesel and Its Use in Transportation Sector. In Environmental Impact of Biofuels. https://doi.org/10.5772/20923
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
Christopher Esan, O., Anthony, E. J., & Samuel Obaseki, O. (2019). Utilization of renewable energy for improved power generation in Nigeria. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1299(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1299/1/012026
Efavi, J. K., Kanbogtah, D., Apalangya, V., Nyankson, E., Tiburu, E. K., Dodoo-Arhin, D., … Yaya, A. (2018). The effect of NaOH catalyst concentration and extraction time on the yield and properties of Citrullus vulgaris seed oil as a potential biodiesel feed stock. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2018.03.002
Gebremariam, S. N., & Marchetti, J. M. (2017). Biodiesel production technologies: Review. AIMS Energy. https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.3.425
Hagos, K., Zong, J., Li, D., Liu, C., & Lu, X. (2017). Anaerobic co-digestion process for biogas production: Progress, challenges and perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.184
Hansen, K., Breyer, C., & Lund, H. (2019). Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems. Energy, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092
Hansen, K., Mathiesen, B. V., & Skov, I. R. (2019). Full energy system transition towards 100% renewable energy in Germany in 2050. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.038
Hassan, A. B., & Ayodeji, O. V. (2019). Benefits and challenges of biodiesel production in West Africa. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i3.12
Helmi, M., Tahvildari, K., Hemmati, A., Aberoomand azar, P., & Safekordi, A. (2021). Phosphomolybdic acid/graphene oxide as novel green catalyst using for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via electrolysis method: Optimization using with response surface methodology (RSM). Fuel, 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119528
Huang, G. H., Chen, F., Wei, D., Zhang, X. W., & Chen, G. (2010). Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology. Applied Energy, Vol. 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.016
IRENA. (2019). Global energy transformation: A roadmap to 2050 (2019 edition). Retrieved from International Renewable Energy Agency website: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Apr/IRENA_Global_Energy_Transformation_2019.pdf
Jiang, Y., Lv, Y., Wu, R., Sui, Y., Chen, C., Xin, F., … Jiang, M. (2019). Current status and perspectives on biobutanol production using lignocellulosic feedstocks. Bioresource Technology Reports, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100245
Kallarakkal, K. P., Muthukumar, K., Alagarsamy, A., Pugazhendhi, A., & Naina Mohamed, S. (2021). Enhancement of biobutanol production using mixotrophic culture of Oscillatoria sp. in cheese whey water. Fuel, 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119008
Kehinde, O., Babaremu, K. O., Akpanyung, K. V., Remilekun, E., Oyedele, S. T., & Oluwafemi, J. (2018). Renewable energy in Nigeria - A review. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(10).
Knothe, G., & Gerpen, J. Van. (2005). The Biodiesel Handbook Editors.
Lv, L., Dai, L., Du, W., & Liu, D. (2021). Progress in Enzymatic Biodiesel Production and Progress.
Mensah, J. H. R., Silva, A. T. Y. L., Santos, I. F. S. dos, Ribeiro, N. de S., Gbedjinou, M. J., Nago, V. G., … Barros, R. M. (2021). Assessment of electricity generation from biogas in Benin from energy and economic viability perspectives. Renewable Energy, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.014
Nagarajan, S., Chou, S. K., Cao, S., Wu, C., & Zhou, Z. (2013). An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel. Bioresource Technology, 145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.108
Nouadjep, N. S., Kana, E. B. G., Nso, E., & Kapseu, C. (2019). Status quo of Biodiesel Production in Africa: A Review on Technological Options, Policies and Aboriginal Feedstock Potential. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 60(1), 93–132. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/5255/1977
Ojo, A. A., Awogbemi, O., & Ojo, A. O. (2020). An overview of the exploitation of renewable energy resources in Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 10(2).
Okedu, K. E., Uhunmwangho, R., & Odje, M. (2020). Harnessing the potential of small hydro power in Cross River state of Southern Nigeria. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2019.100617
Olugasa, T. T., Odesola, I. F., & Oyewola, M. O. (2014). Energy production from biogas: A conceptual review for use in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.013
Orangun, A., Kaur, H., & Kommalapati, R. R. (2021). Batch anaerobic co-digestion and biochemical methane potential analysis of goat manure and food waste. Energies, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071952
Oyedepo, S. O., Uwoghiren, T., Babalola, P. O., Nwanya, S. C., Kilanko, O., Leramo, R. O., … Abidakun, O. A. (2019). Assessment of Decentralized Electricity Production from Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Energy Development in Nigeria. Open Engineering, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0009
Patel, N. K., Nagar, P. S., & Shah, S. N. (2013). Identification of Non-edible Seeds as Potential Feedstock for the Production and Application of Bio-diesel. Energy and Power, 3(4).
Patrick, S. O., & Bello, I. (2015). Biodiesel Production in Nigeria : Prospects and Challenges Biodisel Development in Nigeria : Prospects and Challenges. (March 2013). https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijmb.20130301.02
Popoola, L., Larwanou, M., & Jimoh, S. O. (2015). Biofuel initiatives in West Africa and the Sahel: potential for success. International Forestry Review, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.1505/146554815816007081
Raja, I. A., & Wazir, S. (2017). Biogas Production: The Fundamental Processes. Universal Journal of Engineering Science, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.13189/ujes.2017.050202
Rao, G. L. N., Ramadhas, A. S., Nallusamy, N., & P.Sakthivel. (2010). Relationships among the Physical Properties of Biodiesel and Engine Fuel System Design Requiremen. International Journal of Energy and Enviroment, 1(5), 919–926. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44848825_Relationships_among_the_physical_properties_of_biodiesel_and_engine_fuel_system_design_requirement
Relationships among the physical properties of biodiesel and engine fuel system design requirement. (2010). International Journal of Energy and Environment, 1(5).
Samuel Dahunsi, O., Shoyombo, A., & Fagbiele, O. (2019). Biofuel Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Anaerobic Digestion. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80564
Sekoai, P. T., & Yoro, K. O. (2016). Biofuel development initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities and challenges. Climate, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4020033
Szulczyk, K. R., & Cheema, M. A. (2021). The economic feasibility and environmental ramifications of biobutanol production in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124953
Thaba, S. C., Mbohwa, C., & Pradhan, A. (2015). Biofuel sector as a potential business opportunity for emerging cooperatives: A case study of south african cooperatives. Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science, 2220.
Yusuff, Adeyinka S., Lala, M. A., Popoola, L. T., & Adesina, O. A. (2019). Optimization of oil extraction from Leucaena leucocephala seed as an alternative low-grade feedstock for biodiesel production. SN Applied Sciences, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0364-0
Yusuff, Adeyinka Sikiru, & Ewere, D. (2020). Extraction and evaluation of oil from green algae cladophora glomerata by hexane/ether mixture. Acta Polytechnica, 60(2). https://doi.org/10.14311/AP.2020.60.0169
Zulqarnain, Ayoub, M., Yusoff, M. H. M., Nazir, M. H., Zahid, I., Ameen, M., … Budi Nursanto, E. (2021). A comprehensive review on oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020788