The engaging of early age children in environmental behavior through wayang kancil folktale
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Published:
Dec 4, 2019
Keywords:
folktale, environmental behavior, environmental education, littering behavior, wayang kancil
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Abstract
School is a medium to solve the waste problem through clean lifestyle psychoeducation. Wayang kancil folktale uses animal characters as an alternative method to teach early age children to reduce littering behavior. This approach is applied because the animal world is close to the children's world. In addition, an interaction between children and the storyteller through folktale occurs during wayang kancil show. This study is action research which involves 14 second-year nursery student from a pre-school institution in Yogyakarta. The A-B-A experiment design puts the hypotheses of wayang kancil folktale to stimulate littering behavior at an early age to the test. Baseline, intervention, and reversal measurement was conducted consecutively for nine days which was recorded in observation sheets. Comprehension test was carried out before and after the intervention. The observation result was analyzed using visual analysis. Meanwhile, a comprehension score is rated by implemented paired sample t-test. The coefficient of reliability test of inter-rater was 0.971. Pre and post-intervention comprehension score increased rapidly (p = 0.000; < 0.01). The result proves that wayang kancil folktale was able to reduce children’s littering behavior.
Article Details
How to Cite
Musthofa, W., & Koentjoro, K. (2019). The engaging of early age children in environmental behavior through wayang kancil folktale. Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 3(3), 144–169. https://doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v3i3.72
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References
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Bierhoff, H. W. (2001). Responsibility and Altruism: The Role of Volunterism. In A. E. Auhagn & H. W. B. Hoff (Eds.), Responsibility-theMany Faces of a Phenomenon-(pp. 149–166). London: Routledge.
Bishop, K., & Kimball, M. A. (2006). Engaging students in storytelling. Teacher Librarian, 33(4), 28–31.
Boyle, L. (2006). Environmental experiences in child care. The Newsletter of the National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC), 19, 14–17.
Bredekamp, S., & Copple, C. (1997). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. 1509 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036-1426: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Calvert, K. (2007). Creative philosophizing with children. Theory and Research in Education, 5(3), 309–327.
Darmono. (2010). Lingkungan hidup dan pencemaran, hubungannya dengan toksikologi senyawa logam. Jakarta: UI Press.
DeRosier, M. E., & Mercer, S. H. (2007). Improving student social behavior. The effectiveness of a storytelling-based character education program. Journal of Research in Character Education, 5(2), 131–148.
Derraik, J. G. . (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris : a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842–852. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
Eades, J. (2005). Classroom tales: Using storytelling to build emotional, social and academic skills across the primary curriculum. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Eder, D. (2010). Life lessons through storytelling: Children’s exploration of ethics. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Edwards, L. C. (2009). African American Storytelling: Collective Memory, Creative Resistance, and Personal Transformation. Retrieved from https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/305169952.html?FMT=AI
Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. H. (2003). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ertürk, G. K., Hande, E., & Aydın, Ö. (2015). Changing Preschool Children’s Attitudes into Behavior towards Selected Environmental Issues: An Action Research Study. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 3(1), 46–63.
Flogaitis, E., Daskolia, M., & Liarakou, G. (2005). Greek kindergarten teachers practice in environmental education: an exploratory study. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 3(3), 299–320.
Frude, N., & Killick, S. (2011). Family storytelling and the attachment relationship. Psychodynamic Practice, 17(4), 441–455.
Goncharova, M. (2012). Planet play :, (May), 329–334.
Green, D.S., Boots B., Blockley, D.J., Rocha, C., R. T. (2015). Impacts of Discarded Plastic Bags on Marine Assemblages and Ecosystem Functioning. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(9), 5380–5389.
Hasanah, S. P. (2013). Pengaruh Metode Bercerita Terhadapkarakter Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Di TK FKIP UNRI Pekanbaru. Universitas Riau.
Hayes, N. (2000). Doing Psychological Research: Gathering And Analyzing Data. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Hetherington, E. M., Parke, R. D., & Locke, V. O. (1999). Child psychology: A contemporary viewpoint. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill.
Ibrahim, A. N., & Asmawi, M. Z. (2012). The level of awareness towards environmental issues and concern among students in tertiary level: Case study of universities students in Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley of Malaysia. APSA Congress 2011, 10.
Iskandar, D. (2009). Kajian lingkungan kultural terhadap persepsi, sikap dan perilaku penduduk dalam membuang sampah di perkotaan Kecamatan Rengat Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu Propinsi Riau. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., … Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768–771. Retrieved from https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768
Kahriman-Ozturk, D., Olgan, R., & Guler, T. (2012). Preschool children’s ideas on sustainable development: How preschool children perceive three pillars of sustainability with the regard to 7R. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(4), 2987–2995.
Karpudewan, M., Ismail, Z., & Mohamed, N. (2013). PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS â€TM UNDERSTANDING AND AWARENESS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS, 28, 117–130.
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2012). Pedoman pendidikan karakter pada anak usia dini. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Kiswanto, E., & Pitoyo, A. J. (2016). Policy brief indeks perilaku peduli lingkungan di Yogyakarta: Potret rendahnya kepedulian masyarakat terhadap lingkungan. Yogyakarta.
Kofoworola, O. F., & Gheewala, S. H. (2009). Estimation of construction waste generation and management in Thailand. Waste Management, 29(2), 731–738. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.004
Kos, M., Jerman, J., Anžlovar, U., & Torkar, G. (2016). Preschool Children’s Understanding of Pro-Environmental Behaviours: Is It Too Hard for Them? International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 11(12), 5554–5571.
Mattew, G. B. (1984). Dialogues with Children. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Press.
Meiboudi, H., Karimzadegan, H., Mohammad, S., & Khalilnejad, R. (2011). Social and Enhancing children ’ s environmental awareness in kindergarten of Mashhad city using mural painting. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.187
Mertler, C. A. (2006). Action Research: Teacher as Researchers in the Classroom. London: SAGE Publications.
Monks, F. J., Knoers, A. M. P., & Hadinoto, S. R. (2001). Psikologi perkembangan: Pengantar dalam berbagai bagiannya. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Musser, L. M., & Diamond, K. E. (1999). The children’s attitudes toward the environment scale for preschool children. The Journal of Environmental Education, 30(2), 23–30.
Myers, A., & Hansen, C. H. (2002). Experimental psychology (5–th editi ed.). California: Wadsworth Group.
Nurfajriyani, I., Prabandari, Y. S., & Lusmilasari, L. (2016). Influence of video modelling to the toileting skill at toddler. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 3(8), 2019–2034.
Ogelman, H. G. (2012). Teaching preschool children about nature a project to provide soil education for chidren in Turkey. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40(3), 177–185.
Pursubaryanto, E. (2005). Wayang Kancil di Indonesia : Bentuk, fungsi, dan dinamika kehidupannya. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Pusat Data Wayang Indonesia. (2011). Wayang Kancil. Retrieved June 26, 2013, from http://pdwi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161:wayang-kancil&catid=71:jenis-wayang-indonesia&Itemid=18
Sahu U., Roy M., Rajkiranl M., R. (2015). ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG PG STUDENTS . International Journal of Pharmacology & Biological Sciences, 9(1), 65–70.
Sanchez, T. R., & Stewart, V. (2006). The remarkable Abigail: Story-telling for character education. The High School Journal, 89(4), 14–21.
Santrock, J. W. (2002). Life span development edisi ke-5. Terjemahan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sarafino, E. P. (2005). Applied behavior analysis: Principle and procedures for modifying behavior. New Jersey: Hoboken.
Sasrawijaya, R. P. (1986). Serat Kancil 1. Dialihbahasakan oleh Sri Suharini. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Proyek Penerbitan Buku Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah.
Saville, B. K., & Buskist, W. (2005). Traditional idiographic approaches: Small-N research designs. In S. F. Davis (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in experimental psychology. Massachusetts.
Sharma, S. and C. S. (2017). Microplastic pollution , a threat to marine ecosystem and human health : a short review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research September, 24(27), 21530–21547.
Suhantojo. (2013). Pembelajaran dengan Metode Mendongeng untuk Meningkatkan Perilaku Membuang Sampah di Tempat yang sesuai pada Siswa Kelas 3 Sekolah Dasar. Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata.
Suyadi. (2014). Manajemen PAUD TPA-KB-TK/RA mendirikan, mengelola, dan mengembangkan PAUD (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Tarnoto, N. (2013). Peningkatan sikap peduli lingkungan melalui bermain peran “Aku Sayang Bumiku†pada anak prasekolah. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Thote, P. (2013). STUDY OF ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS : A CASE STUDY, 1(1).
Tondok, M. S. (2006). ’Menyampah’ dari Perspektif Psikologi (1).
Tuncay, B., Yilmaz-Tuzun, O., & Tuncer-Teksoz, G. (2011). The relationship between environmental moral reasoning and environmental attitudes of pre-service science teachers. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, 1(3), 167–178.
Wardani, P. K. (2015). Validitas modul permainan kartu bergambar “memelihara lingkunganku†untuk meningkatkan sikap peduli lingkungan pada anak usia dini. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Wilson, D. C., Rodic, L., Modak, P., Soos, R., Rogero, A. C., Velis, C., … Simonett, O. (2015). The global solid waste management outlookunited nations environment. (D. C. Wilson, Ed.). United Nations Environment Programme.
Wilson, R. A. (1994). Environmental Education at the Early Childhood Level. North American Association for Environmental Education, P.O. Box 400, Troy, OH 45373.
Winarsih, T. (2014). Dongeng menggunakan wayang kancil untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang perilaku prososial anak usia dini. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Retrieved from http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/index.php?act=view&buku_id=74757&mod=penelitian_detail&sub=PenelitianDetail&typ=html
Wright, C., Bacigalupa, C., Black, T., & Burton, M. (2008). Windows into children’s thinking: A guide to storytelling and dramatization. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35(4), 363–369.
Yanuvianti, M. (2008). Menggunakan Anjuran dan Imbalan sebagai Intervensi untuk Mengurangi Perilaku Membuang Sampah di Sembarang Tempat pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Yoleri, S. (2012). Children and the environment: Creating environment awareness among preschool childern. Buca Faculty of Education Journal, 34, 100–111.
Yulida, N. (2015). Analisa Perilaku Masyarakat di Daerah Alira Sangau Batang Bakerek-Karek Kota Padang Panjang Sumatera Barat dalm Membuang Sampah. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Aini, M., & Laily, P. (2010). Preparedness of Malaysian pre-school educators for environmental education. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 18(2), 271–283.
Ananth, A. P., Prashanthini, V., & Visvanathan, C. (2010). Healthcare waste management in Asia. Waste Management, 30(1), 154–161.
Azwar, S. (2013). Validitas dan Reliabilitas. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of though and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
Basile, C. G. (2000). Environmental education as a catalyst for transfer of learning in young children. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(1), 21–27.
Bierhoff, H. W. (2001). Responsibility and Altruism: The Role of Volunterism. In A. E. Auhagn & H. W. B. Hoff (Eds.), Responsibility-theMany Faces of a Phenomenon-(pp. 149–166). London: Routledge.
Bishop, K., & Kimball, M. A. (2006). Engaging students in storytelling. Teacher Librarian, 33(4), 28–31.
Boyle, L. (2006). Environmental experiences in child care. The Newsletter of the National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC), 19, 14–17.
Bredekamp, S., & Copple, C. (1997). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. 1509 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036-1426: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Calvert, K. (2007). Creative philosophizing with children. Theory and Research in Education, 5(3), 309–327.
Darmono. (2010). Lingkungan hidup dan pencemaran, hubungannya dengan toksikologi senyawa logam. Jakarta: UI Press.
DeRosier, M. E., & Mercer, S. H. (2007). Improving student social behavior. The effectiveness of a storytelling-based character education program. Journal of Research in Character Education, 5(2), 131–148.
Derraik, J. G. . (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris : a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842–852. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
Eades, J. (2005). Classroom tales: Using storytelling to build emotional, social and academic skills across the primary curriculum. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Eder, D. (2010). Life lessons through storytelling: Children’s exploration of ethics. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Edwards, L. C. (2009). African American Storytelling: Collective Memory, Creative Resistance, and Personal Transformation. Retrieved from https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/305169952.html?FMT=AI
Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. H. (2003). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ertürk, G. K., Hande, E., & Aydın, Ö. (2015). Changing Preschool Children’s Attitudes into Behavior towards Selected Environmental Issues: An Action Research Study. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 3(1), 46–63.
Flogaitis, E., Daskolia, M., & Liarakou, G. (2005). Greek kindergarten teachers practice in environmental education: an exploratory study. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 3(3), 299–320.
Frude, N., & Killick, S. (2011). Family storytelling and the attachment relationship. Psychodynamic Practice, 17(4), 441–455.
Goncharova, M. (2012). Planet play :, (May), 329–334.
Green, D.S., Boots B., Blockley, D.J., Rocha, C., R. T. (2015). Impacts of Discarded Plastic Bags on Marine Assemblages and Ecosystem Functioning. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(9), 5380–5389.
Hasanah, S. P. (2013). Pengaruh Metode Bercerita Terhadapkarakter Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Di TK FKIP UNRI Pekanbaru. Universitas Riau.
Hayes, N. (2000). Doing Psychological Research: Gathering And Analyzing Data. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Hetherington, E. M., Parke, R. D., & Locke, V. O. (1999). Child psychology: A contemporary viewpoint. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill.
Ibrahim, A. N., & Asmawi, M. Z. (2012). The level of awareness towards environmental issues and concern among students in tertiary level: Case study of universities students in Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley of Malaysia. APSA Congress 2011, 10.
Iskandar, D. (2009). Kajian lingkungan kultural terhadap persepsi, sikap dan perilaku penduduk dalam membuang sampah di perkotaan Kecamatan Rengat Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu Propinsi Riau. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., … Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768–771. Retrieved from https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768
Kahriman-Ozturk, D., Olgan, R., & Guler, T. (2012). Preschool children’s ideas on sustainable development: How preschool children perceive three pillars of sustainability with the regard to 7R. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(4), 2987–2995.
Karpudewan, M., Ismail, Z., & Mohamed, N. (2013). PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS â€TM UNDERSTANDING AND AWARENESS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS, 28, 117–130.
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2012). Pedoman pendidikan karakter pada anak usia dini. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Kiswanto, E., & Pitoyo, A. J. (2016). Policy brief indeks perilaku peduli lingkungan di Yogyakarta: Potret rendahnya kepedulian masyarakat terhadap lingkungan. Yogyakarta.
Kofoworola, O. F., & Gheewala, S. H. (2009). Estimation of construction waste generation and management in Thailand. Waste Management, 29(2), 731–738. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.004
Kos, M., Jerman, J., Anžlovar, U., & Torkar, G. (2016). Preschool Children’s Understanding of Pro-Environmental Behaviours: Is It Too Hard for Them? International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 11(12), 5554–5571.
Mattew, G. B. (1984). Dialogues with Children. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Press.
Meiboudi, H., Karimzadegan, H., Mohammad, S., & Khalilnejad, R. (2011). Social and Enhancing children ’ s environmental awareness in kindergarten of Mashhad city using mural painting. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.187
Mertler, C. A. (2006). Action Research: Teacher as Researchers in the Classroom. London: SAGE Publications.
Monks, F. J., Knoers, A. M. P., & Hadinoto, S. R. (2001). Psikologi perkembangan: Pengantar dalam berbagai bagiannya. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Musser, L. M., & Diamond, K. E. (1999). The children’s attitudes toward the environment scale for preschool children. The Journal of Environmental Education, 30(2), 23–30.
Myers, A., & Hansen, C. H. (2002). Experimental psychology (5–th editi ed.). California: Wadsworth Group.
Nurfajriyani, I., Prabandari, Y. S., & Lusmilasari, L. (2016). Influence of video modelling to the toileting skill at toddler. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 3(8), 2019–2034.
Ogelman, H. G. (2012). Teaching preschool children about nature a project to provide soil education for chidren in Turkey. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40(3), 177–185.
Pursubaryanto, E. (2005). Wayang Kancil di Indonesia : Bentuk, fungsi, dan dinamika kehidupannya. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Pusat Data Wayang Indonesia. (2011). Wayang Kancil. Retrieved June 26, 2013, from http://pdwi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161:wayang-kancil&catid=71:jenis-wayang-indonesia&Itemid=18
Sahu U., Roy M., Rajkiranl M., R. (2015). ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG PG STUDENTS . International Journal of Pharmacology & Biological Sciences, 9(1), 65–70.
Sanchez, T. R., & Stewart, V. (2006). The remarkable Abigail: Story-telling for character education. The High School Journal, 89(4), 14–21.
Santrock, J. W. (2002). Life span development edisi ke-5. Terjemahan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sarafino, E. P. (2005). Applied behavior analysis: Principle and procedures for modifying behavior. New Jersey: Hoboken.
Sasrawijaya, R. P. (1986). Serat Kancil 1. Dialihbahasakan oleh Sri Suharini. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Proyek Penerbitan Buku Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah.
Saville, B. K., & Buskist, W. (2005). Traditional idiographic approaches: Small-N research designs. In S. F. Davis (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in experimental psychology. Massachusetts.
Sharma, S. and C. S. (2017). Microplastic pollution , a threat to marine ecosystem and human health : a short review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research September, 24(27), 21530–21547.
Suhantojo. (2013). Pembelajaran dengan Metode Mendongeng untuk Meningkatkan Perilaku Membuang Sampah di Tempat yang sesuai pada Siswa Kelas 3 Sekolah Dasar. Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata.
Suyadi. (2014). Manajemen PAUD TPA-KB-TK/RA mendirikan, mengelola, dan mengembangkan PAUD (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Tarnoto, N. (2013). Peningkatan sikap peduli lingkungan melalui bermain peran “Aku Sayang Bumiku†pada anak prasekolah. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Thote, P. (2013). STUDY OF ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS : A CASE STUDY, 1(1).
Tondok, M. S. (2006). ’Menyampah’ dari Perspektif Psikologi (1).
Tuncay, B., Yilmaz-Tuzun, O., & Tuncer-Teksoz, G. (2011). The relationship between environmental moral reasoning and environmental attitudes of pre-service science teachers. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, 1(3), 167–178.
Wardani, P. K. (2015). Validitas modul permainan kartu bergambar “memelihara lingkunganku†untuk meningkatkan sikap peduli lingkungan pada anak usia dini. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Wilson, D. C., Rodic, L., Modak, P., Soos, R., Rogero, A. C., Velis, C., … Simonett, O. (2015). The global solid waste management outlookunited nations environment. (D. C. Wilson, Ed.). United Nations Environment Programme.
Wilson, R. A. (1994). Environmental Education at the Early Childhood Level. North American Association for Environmental Education, P.O. Box 400, Troy, OH 45373.
Winarsih, T. (2014). Dongeng menggunakan wayang kancil untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang perilaku prososial anak usia dini. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Retrieved from http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/index.php?act=view&buku_id=74757&mod=penelitian_detail&sub=PenelitianDetail&typ=html
Wright, C., Bacigalupa, C., Black, T., & Burton, M. (2008). Windows into children’s thinking: A guide to storytelling and dramatization. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35(4), 363–369.
Yanuvianti, M. (2008). Menggunakan Anjuran dan Imbalan sebagai Intervensi untuk Mengurangi Perilaku Membuang Sampah di Sembarang Tempat pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Yoleri, S. (2012). Children and the environment: Creating environment awareness among preschool childern. Buca Faculty of Education Journal, 34, 100–111.
Yulida, N. (2015). Analisa Perilaku Masyarakat di Daerah Alira Sangau Batang Bakerek-Karek Kota Padang Panjang Sumatera Barat dalm Membuang Sampah. Universitas Gadjah Mada.